'Das Kapital' by Karl Marx is a detailed and scathing critique of capitalism, focusing on the lived experiences of workers, poverty, and the degradation of laborers. Marx's work is described as an essential starting point to understand the radical changes in the world prior to the 20th century. Despite its flaws and gaps, the book presents challenging and interesting ideas, predicting crises and highlighting the inherent conflict of interest between employees and employers in a capitalist society.
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Marx, Heinrich Karl, was born in Trier on May 5, 1818, the son of the lawyer and later counsellor of justice Heinrich Marx, who, as is shown by the baptismal certificate of his son, converted with his family from Judaism to Protestantism in 1824. After concluding his preparatory education at Trier Gymnasium, Karl Marx studied from 1835 in Bonn and then in Berlin, first law and later philosophy, attaining his Dr. Phil. in Berlin in 1841 with a dissertation on the philosophy of Epicurus. In the same year he moved to Bonn in order to qualify as a lecturer, but the obstacles which the government laid in the path of his friend Bruno Bauer, officially there as lecturer in theology, which culminated in Bauer's removal from the university, soon made it clear to him that there was no room for him at a Prussian university. - This was the time when the younger elements of the radical bourgeoisie of the Rhineland, tinged with Young Hegelianism, urged, in agreement with the liberal leaders Camphausen and Hansemann, the publication of a big opposition paper in Cologne; Marx and Bauer were also consulted as capable main contributors. A concession - necessary at that time - was quietly obtained by a devious route, and the Rheinische Zeitung appeared on January 1, 1842. Marx contributed lengthy articles from Bonn for the new paper; foremost among these were: a critique of proceedings in the Rhine Province Assembly, a study of the situation of the peasant vintners on the Mosel, and another on wood theft and the relevant legislation. In October 1842 he took over the management of the paper and moved to Cologne. From this point the paper adopted a sharply appositional character. But the management was so adroit that despite first double censorship, and then triple censorship, imposed upon the paper (first the ordinary censor, then the Regierungspr sident, and finally a Mr. von Saint-Paul dispatched ad hoc from Berlin), the government found this sort of newspaper hard to deal with and therefore decided to forbid further publication of the paper as of April 1, 1843. Marx's resignation from the editorial board on this date bought a three months' stay of execution, but then the paper was finally suppressed.
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Marx, insanlarin kendi emek gucu ve bunla olan iliskisiyle de ilgilenmistir; yabancilasma sorunu ozellikle Genc Marx'in ilgilendigi bir alandir. Kapitalist sistemde insan kendi dogasina yabancilasmasiyla, hem kendi emegine hem uretim surecine hem de sosyal iliskilerine karsi yabancilasir. Kapital'de yerini daha ayrintili bicimde tanimladigi meta fetisizmine birakir. Tarih anlayisi: Marx'in tarihsel materyalizm kurami toplumun her zaman temel olarak -uretim iliskileri ve buna bagli olarak ekonominin sistemin dinamigi oldugu- maddi kosullara gore belirlendigini one surer. Insanlar oncelikle "yasamlarini surdurmek gayesiyle icmek, yemek, barinmak ve giyinmek" gibi gereksinmeleri karsilamak icin iliskiye girer. Marx ve Engels, Bati toplumlarinin gelismesini ve gelecegini, birbirini takip eden ilk dort doneme ayirir ve besinci olarak gelecekte yasanacagini varsaydiklari komunizm donemini ongorur: Ilkel komunizm: Avci ve toplayici donemde, paylasilan mulkiyete ve ilkel demokrasiye dayanan kooperatif asiretler, kabileler. Kolelik: Toplumun kabileden sehir devlete gectigi, koleligin, ozel mulkiyetin ve aristokrasinin dogdugu, tarimin yaygin oldugu donem. Feodalizm: Kralin da dahil oldugu aristokrasinin yonetici sinif haline geldigi, dinin onemli bir yer tuttugu ucuncu donem. Kapitalizm: Burjuva sinifinin yonetici, proletaryanin da ezilen sinif oldugu, parlamenter demokrasinin yaygin olarak politik sistem oldugu, piyasa ekonomisinin isledigi ve uretim araclarina agirlikla ozel mulkiyetin sahip oldugu donem. Komunizm: Iscilerin devrim yaparak kapitalistleri kovdugu ve devletsiz, sinifsiz, mulkiyetsiz bir toplumun yarattiklari besinci donem.
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