Determined: A Science of Life Without Free Will by Robert M. Sapolsky explores the intricate relationship between humans and the concept of free will. The book delves into neuroscience to argue that our actions are determined by a complex interplay of genetics, environment, and past experiences, suggesting that free will may be an illusion. Sapolsky supports this idea by providing thought-provoking examples, like that of a college graduate and a janitor, to illustrate how individual outcomes are shaped by a myriad of factors outside of personal control.
Sapolsky's writing style is engaging, often laced with humor and personal anecdotes, even as he tackles heavy topics. He employs a conversational tone, making complex scientific ideas accessible to a broad audience. The book is structured to first outline the scientific evidence before addressing the implications for societal concepts like justice and morality. While some readers may find the dense scientific sections challenging, the overall narrative is compelling and aims to provoke reflection on human behavior and social systems.
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From The Publisher:
The instant New York Times bestseller
"Excellent…Outstanding for its breadth of research, the liveliness of the writing, and the depth of humanity it conveys." - Wall Street Journal
One of our great behavioral scientists, the bestselling author of Behave , plumbs the depths of the science and philosophy of decision-making to mount a devastating case against free will, an argument with profound consequences
Robert Sapolsky's Behave , his now classic account of why humans do good and why they do bad, pointed toward an unsettling conclusion: We may not grasp the precise marriage of nature and nurture that creates the physics and chemistry at the base of human behavior, but that doesn't mean it doesn't exist. Now, in Determined , Sapolsky takes his argument all the way, mounting a brilliant (and in his inimitable way, delightful) full-frontal assault on the pleasant fantasy that there is some separate self telling our biology what to do.
Determined offers a marvelous synthesis of what we know about how consciousness works-the tight weave between reason and emotion and between stimulus and response in the moment and over a life. One by one, Sapolsky tackles all the major arguments for free will and takes them out, cutting a path through the thickets of chaos and complexity science and quantum physics, as well as touching ground on some of the wilder shores of philosophy. He shows us that the history of medicine is in no small part the history of learning that fewer and fewer things are somebody's "fault"; for example, for centuries we thought seizures were a sign of demonic possession.
Yet, as he acknowledges, it's very hard, and at times impossible, to uncouple from our zeal to judge others and to judge ourselves. Sapolsky applies the new understanding of life beyond free will to some of our most essential questions around punishment, morality, and living well together. By the end, Sapolsky argues that while living our daily lives recognizing that we have no free will is going to be monumentally difficult, doing so is not going to result in anarchy, pointlessness, and existential malaise. Instead, it will make for a much more humane world.
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